Institutional Environment and Tourism: Moderating Role of Host Countries' Health System

Tourism has gradually emerged to become a significant factor for sustainable economic growth around the globe. Along with other variables, the institutional environment has a significant influence on the growth of the tourism industry. Consequently, there are two primary goals for this study: firstly, to improve the body of knowledge already available on the institution-tourism nexus;secondly, to investigate how the health systems of the host countries contribute to the said nexus. To analyze these relations, we collected data from 50 countries across 10 years (2009-2018). We apply multiple regression analysis to a balanced panel dataset of 500 observations. Furthermore, we also used an interactive variable in conjunction with the primary independent, dependent, and control variables of the study to determine the moderating effect of the host countries' health systems. The study's findings demonstrated the significance of an efficient institutional structure in boosting tourism. Additionally, the health systems of the host nations play a significant role in strengthening the connection between institutions and tourism, especially in the post-COVID-19 period. Through the creation of institutional frameworks and health infrastructure, the study's findings will assist policymakers in developing efficient tourism policies. All of the above strategies will eventually lead to a trustworthy, safe, and healthy environment for both locals and visitors.

Entrepreneurs' Behaviors in Politically Unstable Countries: An Entrepreneurial Effectuation Theory Perspective

Political instability is highly prevalent in today's world. This has become especially remarkable following the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet political instability as a context remains markedly underresearched in the management literature, especially in relation to entrepreneurship, a significant contributor to a country's economic activity. This conceptual article refers to four principles of entrepreneurial effectuation theory (the Lemonade principle, the Crazy Quilt principle, the Bird in Hand principle, and the Affordable Loss principle) to offer a typology of entrepreneurs' behaviors in contexts of political instability. This typology draws from and extends the exit–voice–loyalty–neglect (EVLN) framework to the microlevel entrepreneurship literature. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Impacts of the socio-political instability in Hong Kong on university students' learning experience

Since the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement in 2019, Hong Kong has entered an era of socio-political instability. The conflict between student protesters and the government has become increasingly intense, whereas several universities even became the battlefield of the protest and were abruptly shut down in November 2019. To add fuel to the fire, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 has prompted all universities in the territory to suspend all face-to-face classes and activities for two semesters consecutively. All these have impacted university students in Hong Kong socially, academically and psychologically. In light of this, this study aims to explore the ways in which the learning experience of university students in Hong Kong has been impacted by the socio-political challenges. Through conducting a mixed-methods study at a public university in Hong Kong, it was found that university students have a high perceived level of stress, high political involvements, unsatisfactory learning experience and poor learning motivation under this socio-political backdrop. It is hoped that this study can provide informed insights for teachers to understand students' burdens, stresses, and emotional instability associated with socio-political unrest.

Peru 2021: Democracy by Default

With a transitional government and in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Peru held general elections in 2021. Although the acceleration of vaccination made it possible to attain more social and economic stability, the trend towards instability that began in the past five years continued during the first months of Castillo's administration. An outsider without a party and without political support faces a radicalized but unpopular opposition, which has normalized the threat of presidential vacancia. Democracy persists as a consequence of a tie between these weak actors: a democracy by default.

COVID-19 and multiple crises in Afghanistan: an urgent battle.

The political and military advance of the Taliban, reduced healthcare capacity, and imminent humanitarian crisis risk exacerbating an already very serious threat posed by COVID-19 in Afghanistan. The continued rise of COVID-19 cases in Afghanistan appears inevitable, but poor diagnostic capacity prevents accurate case measurement, while vaccine provision is extremely limited. This letter highlights how the recent changes in Afghanistan risk exacerbating the COVID-19 and ongoing health emergency in the country.

Resilience to crises of Thai MICE stakeholders: A longitudinal study of the destination image of Thailand as a MICE destination.

The COVID-19 outbreak has changed rapidly the business operation and travel behavior of global communities and calls for research on resilience. This study aims to identify the changing destination image of Thailand as a MICE destination during crises and examine the resilience of Thai MICE stakeholders. A mixed method of qualitative and quantitative design was employed using interviews, observations and questionnaire surveys. A longitudinal study of Thai MICE stakeholders during 14 years revealed that the Buddhist concepts of resilience and Thainess contribute to psychological resilience. Buddhism and Thainess cultivate the concept of crisis concierge. Surveys showed unchanged image of exhibition facilities during the political instability. Thailand's incentive travel benefits from the availability of bleisure (a combination of business and leisure) attractions. Good value for money, Thai hospitality, bleisure attractions, and international standard venues are key resilient factors.